A RHETORICAL CRITIQUE OF ISRAELITE WORSHIP IN THE BOOK OF AMOS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GHANAIAN PENTECOSTAL/CHARISMATIC CHURCHES

Abstract

ABSTRACT This study examines Amos’ critique of Israel’s worship at Bethel and Gilgal (Amos 4:4 5; 5:21-27), condemning religious hypocrisy. Using George Kenedy’s five-stage model of rhetorical criticism as the methodological framework, the study analyzes Amos’ use of irony, satire, hyperbole, and judicial rhetoric to emphasize justice and righteousness over empty sacrifices. Through this lens, two key authorial intentions emerge: minimizing Israel’s excessive rituals that overlook righteousness and depicting the corrupt cult from Yahweh’s perspective. Although some scholars argue that Amos did not explicitly identify the sinfulness of Bethel and Gilgal, this study finds that he condemned the offering of both leavened and unleavened food-acts that further intensified Israel’s rebellion. The study also explores the contemporary relevance of Amos’ message for Ghanaian Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches where the emphasis on miracles and prosperity often overshadows ethical leadership and social justice. It reveals patterns of financial and moral exploitation and underscores the biblical call for justice, integrity, and accountability. The findings suggest that pastors should prioritize justice in their ministries. Churches, especially Pentecostal/Charismatic persuasions, must support the needy, invest in youth training and care for the vulnerable. Furthermore, applying Amos’ prophetic critique to Ghanaian society at large can foster biblical formation, reduce corruption, and inspire national reform. Keywords: Cult, Yahweh, Rhetorical Criticism, Prophets, Prophecy, Justice Righteousness